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Fact SheetThe International Telecommunication Union's first World TelecommunicationPolicy Forum will focus on Mobile Satellite Systems, otherwise known asGlobal Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite. These systems are not like the satellites which have traditionally handledtelecommunications and broadcasting traffic. They are based on a new typeof satellite technology, and are referred to in the industry as Big andLittle Low Earth Orbit (LEO) systems. LEO satellites are relatively small,and are located in orbits much closer to the surface of the Earth thana traditional communications satellite. The advantage of this is that theyare able to receive signals from devices as small as a pocket-sized mobilephone. In general, two different types of system are being proposed by a rangeof mostly private organizations. Little LEO systems will use small satellitesmeasuring around one metre cubed, and will provide mobile data and messagingservices. They will be used for data gathering, electronic facsimile, two-waypaging and electronic mail. Big LEO systems are larger satellites whichwill provide some or all of these services in addition to real-time voice.They will be used to provide global mobile telephone services via smallpersonal handsets. In order to achieve global coverage, the new LEO systems will compriseseveral satellites orbiting in a constellation around the Earth. Thesesatellites will pick up signals and transfer them to their destinationsite via interconnection with other satellites in the constellation, orby interconnection to a series of Earth stations on the ground and thento the terrestrial network. The route the signal takes will be transparentto the user, who will simply experience seamless international interconnection.While today's mobile phone user can already take advantage of some degreeof 'international roaming' with existing cellular technology, the numberof different systems in use worldwide means that 'global roaming' is notpractical. The advantage for those using one of the new Mobile SatelliteSystems would be that a single standard would be implemented within thesystem no matter where the user happened to be, providing the basis fora truly global roaming capability. Another enormous potential benefit of the proposed new satellite systemsis that they could provide access to telecommunications in remote areas,as well as to communities which, for economic or geographical reasons,do not have access to fixed line telephony. Cellular telephony has alreadyproved an enormous boon to many developing nations, because of its abilityto provide a reliable communications infrastructure without the substantialinvestment needed to install and maintain a large wireline network. Newmobile satellite systems could extend this benefit to even more communities.If the Forum is to be a success, the ITU Membership will need to focuson the broad policy and regulatory issues which are raised by GMPCS, whichare for the most part technology independent. General Definitions What is the difference between a geostationary satellite and a non-geostationarysatellite? Geostationary (GSO) satellites occupy an orbital position36,000 km above the earth, and remain in a stationary position relativeto the Earth itself. The world's major existing telecommunications andbroadcasting satellites fall into this category. Non-geostationary (NGSO) satellites occupy a range oforbital positions (LEO satellites are located between 700km-1,500km fromthe Earth, MEO satellites are located at 10,000km from the Earth), anddo not maintain a stationary position, but instead move in relation tothe Earth's surface. What are the Types of Non-geostationary Satellite? A 'Little LEO' is a small non-geostationary satellite which operatesin Low Earth Orbit, providing mainly mobile data services. A 'Big LEO' is a larger non-geostationary satellite which operatesin Low Earth Orbit, providing mainly mobile telephony services. Many ofthe new proposed 'global mobile phone' services will be provided by thistype of satellite. A 'MEO' is a non-geostationary satellite which operates in MediumEarth Orbit, again providing mobile telephony services. These satelliteshave also been proposed to be used as part of new global mobile telephonesystems. What Types of System will be Covered? The Forum will look at a range of different systems which fall underthe broad category of GMPCS. Many contributions to the WTPF have recommendeda broad approach to the concept of Global Mobile Personal Communicationsby Satellite, in order to fully address the important issues. Consequently,the adjectives 'global', 'mobile', and 'personal' are less precise thanwhen the acronym was conceived. In fact, GMPCS can be considered as the satellite component of IMT-2000,the ITU's vision of a future system, to come into service around the year2000, which would unify the diverse systems we see today into a radio infrastructureoffering 'anywhere, anytime' mobile communications. The types of systems under discussion will comprise: existing and planned global and regional satellite systems providingmobile voice and low-speed data services and operating in the geostationaryorbit; satellite systems - some of which are already operational -- operatingin non-geostationary orbits and providing mobile, narrow-band services,excluding voice, on a global or regional basis. These are often referredto as 'Little LEOs'; satellite systems planned to come into operation in the next two tofive years which will offer narrowband mobile services, including voiceand relatively low-speed data, on a global or regional basis. These systemswill operate in non-geostationary orbits - including low earth orbits (LEOs),medium earth orbits (MEOs), and highly elliptical orbits (HEOs); satellite systems planned to come into operation in the next five toten years in order to offer fixed and transportable, multimedia broadbandservices on a global or regional basis. These systems will operate eitherin geostationary or non-geostationary orbits. What are the Proposed Systems Today? There are a number of global mobile satellite systems (MSS) currentlyplanned or already in service. Whether all of them are eventually realizedwill largely depend on the ability of the would-be operators to raise thenecessary funds for system deployment and to conclude agreements to providethe services globally. The following table provides an overview, by orderof type (GSO or NGSO) and launch date, of the present situation: Name of systemType of systemNumber of satellites Type of serviceOperationalOrbcommLittle LEO 28data2 satellites operational; full system mid-1997 E-SatLittle LEO 6data1997 FAISAT (Final Analysis) Little LEO26data, voicemail, voice paging 1997VITAsat (VITA) Little LEO2data 1997Koskon (Polyot) Big LEO32voice, data,fax, paging1997 GlobalstarBig LEO 48voice, data, fax, paging, GPS 1998IridiumBig LEO 66voice, data, fax, paging 1998GE StarsysLittle LEO24datamessaging1998GEMnet (CTA Commercial Systems) Little LEO38data1999LEO One USALittle LEO48data 1999M-Star (Motorola) Broadband LEO72broadband services1999ECCO (Constellation/TELEBRAS) Big LEO46voice, data,fax, paging2000ICOMEO 10voice, data,fax, paging 2000Ellipso (MCHI)LEO/MEO17voice, data, paging,e-mail2000OdysseyBig LEO 12data, voice, fax, short message 2000TeledesicBroadband LEO 840broadband services 2001Celsat (Hughes/Nortel) GEO3voice, data,fax, paging 2000INMARSAT 3*GEO5voice, fax, data in serviceSpaceway(Hughes Network Systems) GEO12voice, data, video, broadband services 2000Note: Table information sourced from operators and/orITU Overview of the Big/Broadband LEO Players While the Little LEO systems will almost certainly be the first lowearth orbit systems to market, it is the Big LEO MSS that have capturedthe world's imagination, because their promise of seamless global real-timevoice, fax, data and even broadband multimedia capabilities has the potentialto dramatically change the way information is distributed and shared aroundthe globe. At present, there are four main players in the Big LEO market. In addition,Teledesic Corporation has plans for a different kind of system that theydescribe simply as 'LEO', and which is aimed more at users of computersthan those seeking real-time voice communications. While the other systemswill focus on global voice communications, the Teledesic system will focusmainly on providing a high-speed wireless network for PCs. Overview of the Big NewPlayers Globalstar ICOIridium OdysseyTeledesic Estimated system cost (US$million)2,200undisclosed 3,4003,0009,000 Current Equity (US$) 1400 million1500 million 2650 million 150 million undisclosed Handset cost (US$) $750undisclosed $2,500 - 3,000 $700does not use handset Call charges (US$)** around $1.00/minute undisclosed $3.00/minute worldwide Less than $1.00/minute to be determined FCC approvedYesNo YesYesNoSatellite lifetime 7.5 years 12 years 5 years 15 years 10 years Subscriber linkCDMATDMA FDMA/TDMA CDMAATDMA/FDMANote: Table information sourcedfrom operators ** While the information has been providedfor interest's sake, most pricing comparisons in fact are not meaningful,since the charge quoted by operators is frequently the 'wholesale priceto another operator, and may not reflect the price a user will eventuallybe charged. Who's Behind the Main Systems? The following is a list of those systems which involve one or more partnerships:Final AnalysisPartners include Final Analysis Inc (USA) and Polyot (Russia)Globalstar Partners include: Loral; Qualcomm; Vodaphone; France Telecom; Dacom;Airtouch Communications; Daimler-Benz Aerospace; Finmeccanica; Alcatel;Spacesytems Loral; Alenia; Hyundai. ICO Global Communications Partners include: Bahrain Telecommunications Company; Beijing MarineCommunication and Navigation Co; Bureau of Maritime Affairs, Liberai; CompanhiaPortuguesa Radio Marconi SA; COMSAT Argentina SA; COMSAT Corporation USA;CS Communications Company Limited, Thailand; Cyprus TelecommunicationsAuthority; DeTeMobil, Germany (Group Deutsche Telekom); Emirates TelecommunicationsCorporation; Empresa Brasileira de Telecomunicações S/A;Empresa Nacional de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba; Hellenic TelecommunicationsOrganization SA, Greece; PT INDOSAT, Indonesia; International CommunicationsOrganization of Cameroon; Korea Telecommunications Consortium (with SamsungElectronics and Shinsegi Cellular Communication); Kuwait Investment Authority;Ministry of Communications, Israel; Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,Lebanon; Ministry of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones and Saudi PublicInvestment Fund; Ministry of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones, Oman; MobileTelecommunications Co-KSC, Kuwait; Morsviazsputnik, Russia; Pakistan TelecommunicationsCorporation; Philippine Communications Satellite Corporation; PTT TelecomBV, Netherlands; Qatar Public Telecommunications Corporation; SatellitePhone Japan Limited; Singapore Telecommunications Limited; SociétéNationale des Télécommunications du Sénégal;Swiss Telecom PTT; Telecom Finland Ltd; Telecomunicaciones de Mexico; Telefónicade España SA; Telekom Malaysia Berhad; Telekomunikacja Polska SA;Telemalta Corporation; Telkom SA Ltd, South Africa; Telstra, Australia;Tьrk Telecom; Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd, India Iridium Partners include: China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIG); IridiumAfrica Corporation; Iridium Canada, Inc.; Iridium India TELECOM PrivateLtd, (IITL); Iridium Middle East Corporation; Iridium SudAmerica Corporation; Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center; Korea Mobile TELECOM;Lockheed Martin; Motorola; Nippon Iridium Corporation; Pacific ElectricWire & Cable Co. Ltd (PEWC); Raytheon; STET; Sprint; Thai SatelliteTelecommunications Co., Ltd.; Vebacom OrbcommPartners include: Orbital Sciences Corp.(USA); Teleglobe Inc. (Canada)Odyssey Communications Partners include: TRW Inc. (USA); Teleglobe Inc. 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